Cohors prima Aquitanorum (“1st Cohort of Aquitani”) was a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment. This auxiliary infantry regiment was originally recruited from among the Aquitanian tribes inhabiting the Bassin Aquitain, the Guyenne, and the Gascogne regions of south-western France. They were initially recruited in the reign of founder-emperor Augustus after the revolt of the Aquitani was suppressed in 26 BC. Their capital town was Burdigala on the Garumna Fluvius, now known as Bordeaux on the lower Garonne. Unlike most Gauls, the Aquitani were not Celtic-speaking but spoke Aquitanian, a now extinct non Indo-European language closely related to Basque.

The regiment had a nominal strength of five-hundred foot soldiers.

The regiment was probably stationed on the Rhine frontier from an early stage.  It first appears in the datable epigraphic record in 82 AD in Germania. The regiment is first attested in Britannia in 122, probably transferred to the island along with several other regiments to help in the construction of Hadrian’s Wall (122-32). They are thought to have formed the original garrison of the Carrawburgh fort on Hadrian’s Wall in Northumberland.

The regiment were withdrawn to the Pennines in the mid-second century, where the small size of their garrison fort at Brough on Noe suggests that as little as half the unit was actually stationed there and, this being the case, it is possible that another detachment of this unit may have been stationed at the, as yet undiscovered, fort sited nearby at Bakewell.

The regiment remained in Britain into the 4th century, as it left an inscription in the Saxon Shore fort of Branodunum (Brancaster, Norfolk) overlooking the Metaris Aestuarium on north-western coast of Norfolk. They ended up in the Saxon Shore fort of Branodunum.

There may have been two infantry cohortes called I Aquitanorum. A regiment of that name is repeatedly attested both in Germania Superior and Britannia. The regimane may wither have been split in two, the German one carrying the title veterana or they were a single unit, which alternated between the two provinces, although this was unusual for auxiliary regiments. None of the British inscriptions carry the title veterana, whereas several of the German ones do, and so appears more likely that they were separate units.

The regiments is attested in the following Roman forts in Britain: Bakewell, Brancaster (4th century), Brough-on-Noe (158), Carrawburgh.

Evidence for the presence of Cohors Primae Aquitanorum in Britain

Bakewell: The inscription (RIB 278) was found here.

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To the god Mars Braciaca, Quintus Sittius Caecilianus, prefect of the First Cohort of Aquitanians, fulfilled his vow.

DEO
MARTI
BRACIACAE
Q SITTIVS
CAECILIAN PRAEF COH
I AQVITANO
V S

Braciaca is probably a local indigenous ‘epithet’ for the god Mars. However Braciaca seems to be a feminine name, since a-endings are generally names of goddesses: Sequana, Aventia, Bricta, Icovellauna or Nemetona, while names of gods usually end with -us (-o in the inscriptions) or -is/-ix (-i in the inscriptions): Demioncus Apollo (Apollini deo Demionco), Danuvius (Danuvio), Entarabus (deo En[t]arabo), Randosatis Mars (Marti Randosati), etc. In terms of epigraphy, it would appear that, if Bracacia had been a god, its name in the British inscription would have been: Deo Marti Braciaco or Braciaci, giving Mars Braciacus or Braciacis. Moreover, it is not rare in inscriptions to find the names of a god and a goddess placed side by side without the coordinating conjunction and. Thus, the inscription should perhaps be read: Deo Marti [et] Braciacae, ‘To the god Mars and to (the goddess) Bracacia’.

Brocolitia (Carrawburgh): The inscription (RIB 1550) was found here.

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Navio ( Brough-on-Noe ): The inscription (RIB 283) was found here.

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Branodunum (Brancaster): Tiles with the unity’s stamps on it were found at Brancaster. (Britannia vi (1975) p.288, no.25; stamped tile).

Burn 100; CIL XVI.65; military diploma, dated: July 17th 122AD.

L’Année Épigraphique 1997.1779b; diploma, dated c.126AD.