Claudius Ptolemaeus was a Roman citizen of Macedonian descent (Rivet & Smith 1979, p.103), living and working in Alexandria, Egypt Claudius Ptolemaeus was a celebrated geographer and astrologer who lived between the reigns of Hadrian and Antonine in the second century A.D. He wrote all his scientific works in Greek but, his work,  like so many ancient others (especially those in the Library at Alexandria), was lost for over a thousand years to Western scholarship. It was not until the 15th century that his work was rediscovered and translated into Latin, the commonly used language of western scholars at the time.  

I know that I am mortal and the creature of a day: but when I search out the massed wheeling circles of the stars, my feet no longer touch the earth, but, side by side with Zeus himself, I take my fill of ambrosia, the food of the gods.

Ptolemy

He published several books on astronomy, including The Almagest which gave the positions of 1022 fixed stars by latitude and longitude, his discovery of the precession of the equinoxes, and also expounded an Earth-centred view on the workings of the universe based on epicycles – the Ptolemaic System – which was to remain unchallenged until the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus published his theory on a Sun-centred universe, the now-familiar Solar System, in 1543AD.

His most remarkable publication, however, was perhaps his Geography, a work of seven volumes, which became the standard textbook on the subject until the 15th century. In the opening chapters of the second book of the Geography, we find information appertaining to the British Isles:

• Chapter 1 is entitled Hibernia island of Britannia, and deals primarily with Ireland (Northern Ireland and Eire), including the islands of the Inner Hebrides, the Isle of Man, and curiously, Anglesey.
• Chapter 2 is entitled Albion island of Britannia, and deals with mainland Britain (England, Wales and Scotland), giving lists of the prominent coastal landmarks, river mouths and estuaries, as well as the names of the British tribes and their principal towns.

Roman Britain Version of Ptolemy’s Map

You can plot the coordinates in Ptolemy’s description of the British coastline to produce the following map.

When the  are plotted, an obvious error becomes readily apparent: everything north of the Solway Firth (Ituna Aestuarium) on the western side and the mouth of the River Wear (Vedra Fluvius) on the eastern side appear to have been rotated clockwise by 90°, so all directions north of Hadrian’s Wall should be adjusted accordingly. However, there are alternative interpretations of which one is that the map is an expanded view of Scotland south of the Highlands.

The following text includes some degree of additional formatting, in an attempt to improve clarity. Some passages have been broken up to display in a tabular format. The additions [highlighted and enclosed in square brackets] are not original nor the question marks ?, which are used to indicate those names where more doubt than normal exists. The names of the British Tribes have been rendered in bold type and some passages have been displayed as headings

In addition, the following Latin¹ abbreviations have been adopted throughout the translated text:

• Aest. = Aestuarium = Estuary or tidal river-mouth.
• Fl. = Fluvius, Flumen = River.
• Ost. = Ostium = River-mouth.
• Pen. = Peninsula = A narrow strip of land projecting into the sea. The literal Latin meaning is ‘almost an island’.
• Prom. = Promonturium = Promontory or Headland. A high point of land or rocky coast which juts out into the sea.
• Sin. = Sinus = Bay. A wide indentation of the shoreline, especially between two peninsulas or promontories.
• I. = Insula = Island (used on diagram above).

1. I know Ptolemy wrote in Greek, but Latin is much easier for most people to understand.

Claudius Ptolemaeus – Geography – Hibernia Island of Britannia – Book II, Chapter 1

[… Ptolemy’s description of the Irish coastline, rivers and towns has been omitted from here. …]

Above Hibernia are the Ebuda Insulae [?Hebrides Islands] five in number, the largest of which toward the west is called

Ebuda	15*00	62°00	[?= Islay?]
			next to this toward the east likewise is
Ebuda Insula	15*40	62°00	[?= Jura?]
then ?Rhicina	17*00	62°00	[?= Isle of Arran?]
then Malaeus	17*30	62°30	[= Malaius = Island of Mull]
then Epidium	18*30	62°00	[= Epidium Prom. = Kintyre, Strathclyde]

Toward the east of Hibernia are these Islands

Monaoeda Insula	17*40	61°30	[= Manavia Insula = Isle of Man]
Mona Insula	15*00	57°40	[= Mona Insula = Anglesey]
?Adru which is barren	15*00	59°30	[unknown]
?Limnu which is barren	15*00	59°00	[unknown]

[end of chapter one]

Claudius Ptolemaeus – Geography – The Coastline of Mainland Britain Book II, Chapter 2 Part One

A description of the northern coast, above which is the Oceanus Duecaledonius

Novantarum Pen.			[== Rhinns of Galloway]
and Prom. of the same name	21*00	61°40	[= Novantarum Prom. = Mull of Galloway]
Rerigonius Sin.	20*30	60°50	[== Loch Ryan, Dumfries & Galloway]
Vindogara Sin.	21*20	60°30	[== Irvine Bay, Strathclyde]
Clota Aest.	22*15	59°20	[== Firth of Clyde]
?Lemannonius Sin.	24*00	60°00	[?= Loch Fyne?]
Epidium Prom.	23*00	60°40	[== Mull of Kintyre]
ost. ? Longus Fl.	24*30	60°40	[?= Firth of Lorn?]
ost. ? Itis Fl.	27*00	60°40	[unknown]
? Volas Sin.	29*00	60°30	[unknown]
ost. ? Navarus Fl.	30*00	60°30	[unknown]
Tarvedum sive Orcas Prom.	31*20	60°15	[== Dunnet Head, Scottish Highlands]

Description of the west¹ side which borders on the Hibernian Ocean and the Vergionius Ocean

Novantarum Prom.	21*00	61°40	[== Mull of Galloway, Dumfries & Galloway]
ost. ? Abravannus Fl.	19*20	61°00	[?= Water of Luce, Dumfries & Galloway?]
? Iena Aest.	19*00	60°30	[?= River Cree, Dumfries & Galloway?]
ost. Devas Fl.	18*00	60°00	[== River Dee, Dumfries & Galloway]
ost. Novius Fl.	18*20	59°30	[== River Nith, Dumfries & Galloway]
Ituna Aest.	18*30	58°45	[== Solway Firth]
Moricambe Aest.	17*30	58°20	[== Morcambe Bay]
?Portus Setantiorum	17*20	57°45	[?= nr. Fleetwood, Lancashire?]
Belisama Aest.	17*30	57°20	[== River Ribble, Lancashire]
Seteia Aest.	17*00	57°00	[== River Mersey, Merseyside]
Caeanganorum Prom.	15*00	57°002	[?= Ceanganorum Prom. = Point of Ayr, Clwyd (Deceangi)? ?= Ganganorum Prom. = Lleyn Peninsula, Gwynedd (Gangani/Ordovices)?]
ost. Toesobis Fl.	15*40	56°20	[= Tisobis Fl. = Tremadog Bay, Gwynedd]
ost. Stuccia Fl.	15*20	55°30	[= Stuctia Fl. = Afon Ystwyth, Dyfed]
ost. ?Tuerobis Fl.	15*00	55°00	[unknown]
Octapitarum Prom.	14*20	54°30	[== St. David’s Head, Dyfed]
ost. ?Tobius Fl.	15*30	54°30	[unknown]
ost. ?Ratostabius Fl.	16*30	54°30	[unknown]
Sabrina Aest.	17*20	54°30	[== River Severn, Gloucestershire]
Uxella Aest.	16*00	53°30	[== River Axe, Somerset]
Herculis Prom.	14*00	52°45	[== Hartland Point, Devon]
Antivestaeum sive Bolerium Prom.	11*30	52°30	[== Land’s End, Cornwall]
Damnonium sive Ocrium Prom.	12*00	51°30	[== Lizard Point, Cornwall]

Description of the south side below which is the Oceanus Britannicus

After the Ocrium Prom. is

ost. Cenio Fl.	14*003	51°45	[unknown]
ost. Tamarus Fl.	15*40	52°10	[== River Tamar, Devon and Cornwall]
ost. Iscas Fl.	17*40	52°20	[== River Exe, Devon]
ost. ?Alaunus Fl.	17*40	52°40	[unknown]
?Magnus Portus	19*00	53°00	[?= Magnvs Portvs = Bosham Harbour, nr. Chichester, Sussex]
ost. Trisantonis Fl.	20*20	53°00	[= Trisantona Fl. = River Arun, Sussex]
?Novus Portus	21*00	53°30	[?= nr. Brighton and Hove, Sussex]
Cantium Prom.	22*00	54°00	[== South Foreland, Kent]

A description of the eastern and the southern side next to which is the Oceanus Germanicus

After the Tarvedum Prom., or Orcades, by which it is known

Virvedrum Prom.	31*00	60°00	[== Duncansby Head, Scottish Highlands]
Verubium Prom.	30*30	59°40	[== Noss Head, Scottish Highlands]
ost. Ila Fl.	30*00	59°40	[== River Helmsdale, Scottish Highlands]
a high shore	29*00	59°40	[?= Foothills of Beinn Dhorain, Scottish Highlands]
Varar Aest.	28*004	59°40	[== Beauly Firth, Scottish Highlands]
ost. Loxa Fl.	27*30	59°40	[== River Lossie, Grampian]
Tuesis Aest.	27*00	59°00	[== River Spey, Grampian]
ost. Caelis Fl.	27*00	58°45	[== River Deveron, Grampian]
Taezalon Prom.	27*30	58°30	[= Taexalorum Prom. = Kinnaird’s Head, Grampian]
ost. Deva Fl.	26*00	58°30	[== River Dee, Grampian]
ost. Tina Fl.	24*00	58°30	[== River Eden, Fife]
Boderia Aest.	22*30	59°00	[= Bodotria Aest. = Firth of Forth]
ost. Alaunus Fl.	21*20	58°30	[== River Aln, Northumberland]
ost. Vedra Fl.	20*10	58°30	[== River Wear, Tyne & Wear]
Dunum Sin.	20*15	57°30	[== Tees bay, Cleveland]
? Gabrantuicorum Sin. with many harbors	21*00	57°00	[?= Bridlington Bay?]
? Ocelus Prom.	21*15	56°40	[?= Spurn Head, Humberside?]
ost. Abi Fl.	21*00	56°30	[= Abus Fl. = River Humber, Humberside]
Metaris Aest.	20*30	55°40	[== The Wash]
ost. Gariennus Fl.	20*50	55°40	[= Gariannus Fl. = River Yare, Norfolk]
a Promontory	21*15	55°05	[unknown]
ost. ? Sidumanis Fl.	20*10	55°00	[unknown]
Tamesa Aest.	20*30	54°30	[= Tamesis Aest. = Thames Estuary, Greater London]
Next to this the Cantium Prom.	22*00	54°00	[== South Foreland, Kent]

Part Two – The Tribes and Cities of Mainland Britain

The Novantae dwell on the side toward the north below the peninsula of this name, among whom are the following towns:

? Locopibia	19*00	60°20	[unknown]
? Rerigonium	20*10	60°40	[unknown]

Below are the Selgovae, among whom are the following towns:

? Carbantorigum	19*00	59°30	[unknown]
? Uxellum	18*30	59°20	[unknown]
? Corda	20*00	59°40	[unknown]
Trimontium	19*00	59°00	[= TRIMONTIVM = Newstead, Borders]

From these toward the east, but more northerly, are the Damnoni, among whom are the following towns:

? Colanica	20*45	59°10	[?= COLANIA = Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire?]
? Vindogara	21*20	60°00	[unknown]
? Coria	21*30	59°20	[unknown]
? Alauna	22*45	59°50	[unknown]
? Lindum	23*00	59°30	[unknown]
? Victoria	23*30	59°00	[unknown]

Further south are the Otalini⁵, among whom are the following towns:

?Coria	2010	59°00	[?= CORSTOPITVM = Corbridge, Northumberland?]
?Alauna	2300	58°40	[?= ALAVNA = Learchild, Northumberland?]
Bremenium	21*00	58°45	[= BREMENIVM = High Rochester, Northumberland]

Next to the Damnoni, but more toward the east near the Epidium Prom. are the Epidi and next to these the Cerones; then the Carnonacae, and the Caereni but more toward the east; and in the extreme east dwell the Cornavi; from the Lemannonis Sin. as far as the Varar Aest. are the Caledoni, and above these is the Caledonian forest, from which toward the east are the Decantae, and next to these the Lugi extending to the Cornavi boundary, and above the Lugi are the Smertae; below Caledonia are the Vacomagi, among whom are the following towns:

?Bannatia	2400	59°30	[unknown]
?Tamia	2500	59°20	[unknown]
Alata Castra	2715	59°20	[unknown]
?Tuesis	2645	59°10	[unknown]

Below these toward the west are the Venicones, whose town is

?Orrea

2400

58°45

[?= Horrea Classis = Carpow, Fife?]

More toward the east are the Taezali and the town

?Devana

2600

59°00

[?= Devana = Aberdeen, Grampian?]

Below the Selgovae and Otalini are the Brigantes extending to both seas, among whom are the following towns:

Epiacum	1830	58°30	[= Epiacvm = Whitley Castle, Northumberland]
Vinovium	1745	58°00	[= Vinovivm = Binchester, Durham]
Caturactonium	2000	58°00	[= Cataractonivm = Catterick, North Yorkshire]
?Calatum	1900	57°45	[?= Calacvm = Burrow in Lonsdale, Lancashire?]
Isurium	2000	57°40	[= Isvrivm = Aldborough, North Yorkshire]
?Rigodunum	1800	57°30	[?= Rigodvnvm = Castleshaw, Greater Manchester?]
?Olicana	1900	57°30	[?= Olenacvm = Elslack, Lancashire?]
Eboracum, Legio VI Victrix	2000	57°20	[= Ebvracvm = York, North Yorkshire]
?Camulodunum	1800	57°45	[?= Cambodvnvm = Slack, South Yorkshire?]

Near which on the Opportunum Sin. are the Parisi and the town

Petuaria

2040

56°40

[= Petvaria = Brough on Humber, Humberside]

Below these are the Brigantes but some distance toward the west are the Ordovices, among whom are the towns:

Mediolanum	1645	56°40	[= Mediolanvm = Whitchurch, Shropshire]
?Brannogenium	1645	56°15	[?= Bravonivm = Leintwardine, Hereford & Worcester?]

From these toward the east are the Cornavi, among whom are the towns:

Deva, Legio XX Victrix	1730	56°45	[= Deva = Chester, Cheshire]
Viroconium	1645	55°45	[= Viroconivm = Wroxeter, Shropshire]

Next to these are the Coritani, among whom are the towns:

Lindum	1840	56°30	[= Lindvm = Lincoln, Lincolnshire]
Ratae	1800	55°30	[= Ratae = Leicester, Leicestershire]

Next are the Catuvellauni, among whom are the towns:

?Salinae	2045	55°50	[unknown]
Urolanium	1920	55°30	[= Vervlamivm = St. Alban’s, Hertfordshire]

Next to these are the Iceni, whose town is called:

Venta

2030

55°20

[= Venta = Caistor St. Edmund, Norfolk]

Farther eastward and near the Tamesa Aestuarium are the Trinovantes and the town

Camulodunum

2100

55°00

[= Camvlodvnvm = Colchester, Essex]

Below the peoples we have mentioned, but more toward the west are the Demetae, whose towns are:

?Luentinum	1545	55°10	[?= Lventinvm = Pumsaint, Dyfed]
Maridunum	1530	54°40	[= Moridvnvm = Carmarthen, Dyfed]

More toward the east are the Silures whose town is

?Bullaeum

1650

55°00

[?= Bvrrivm = Usk, Gwent]

Next to these are the Dobuni, and their town

Corinium

1800

54°10

[= Corinivm = Cirencester, Gloucestershire]

then the Atrebati and their town

Caleva

1900

54°15

[= Calleva = Silchester, Hampshire]

Next to these, but farther eastward, are the Canti among whom are the towns:

Londinium	2000	54°00	[= Londinivm = London, Greater London]
?Daruernum	2100	54°00	[= Dvrovernvm = Canterbury, Kent]
Rutupie	2145	54°00	[= Rvtvpiae = Richborough, Kent]

Below the Atrebati and the Canti are the Regni and the town:

Noeomagus

1945

53°05

[= Noviomagvs = Chichester, Sussex]

Below the Dobuni are the Belgae and the towns:

?Iscalis	1600	53°40	[?= Iscalis = nr. Bawdrip, Somerset?]
Aquae Calidae	1720	53°40	[= Aqvae Svlis = Bath, Avon]
Venta	1840	53°00	[= Venta = Winchester, Hampshire]

Toward the west and south of these are the Durotriges whose town is:

?Dunium

1800

52°40

[?= Dvnvm = Hod Hill, Dorset?]

Next to these, but more to the west, are the Dumnoni, whose towns are:

?Voliba	1445	52°00	[unknown]
?Uxella	1500	52°45	[?= Vxelis = Launceston, Cornwall?]
?Tamara	1500	52°15	[?= Tamaris = Plymouth, Devon?]
Isca, where is located Legio II Augusta	17*30	52°45	[= Isca = Exeter, Devon]

Part Three – The Remaining British Islands

The islands which are near Albion Insula and the Orcades Prom. are:

Scetis island	32*40	60°45	[= Scitis = Skye]
? Dumna island	30*00	61°20	[?= Outer Hebrides (North Uist, South Uist & Isle of Lewis]

Above these islands are the Orcades, about thirty in number:

the middle of which is in

30*00

61°40

[?Orcades = Orkneys (possibly including Shetlands]

Far above these is the island ?Thule. [?= Thule / Ultima Thule ?= Shetland Islands ?= Iceland ?= Norway == A mythical northernmost inhabitable island.]

The part of this which extends much toward the west is in	29*00	63°00
that which is farthest eastward is	31*40	63°00
that which is farthest northward is	30*20	63°15
that which is farthest southward is	30*20	62°40
the middle is in	30*20	63°00

Eastward from the Trinovantes region there are two islands:

?Toliapis	23*00	54°20	[?= TANATVS Isle of Thanet, Kent?]
?Counus island	24*00	54°30	[unknown]

Below Magnus Portus is the island Vectis:

the middle of which is in

19*20

52°20

[= VECTIS = Isle of Wight, Hampshire]

[end of chapter two]

Textual Amendations

1	The 1932 edition has east.
2	The 1932 edition has 56°00.
3	The 1932 edition has 14*51.
4	The 1932 edition has 27*00.
5	The 1932 edition has Otadini.

Bibliographical Links

• The Geography of Claudius Ptolemaeus, trans. by E.L. Stevenson (Dover, New York, 1991);
• Place Names of Roman Britain by A.L.F. Rivet & Colin Smith (Batsford, London, 1979);
• Historical Map and Guide: Roman Britain by the OS (4th Ed., 1990);